Honouliuli Internment Camp - The Other History You May Not Know
Honouliuli Internment Camp - The Other History
You May Not Know
by John Bond Ewa Historian
Honouliuli was also a major Prisoner of War camp where selected Japanese Prisoners of war were screened and the selected sent to a Top Secret POW Camp at Iroquois Point, Ewa Beach
Prisoners at Honouliuli and Camp Iroquois were paid and allowed a range of leisure activities, alcohol and cigarettes, according to Geneva Conventions (which did not sign.) At Camp Iroquois in Ewa Beach Japanese military POW might answer the phone and be taken to Honolulu to see movies and purchase phonograph records.
Because of the difference between Hawaii and the mainland, Hawaii Japanese were interned under the declaration of Martial Law, sometimes even for blackout violations. Somewhat ironically, Army guards were mostly African American and mainland Japanese American.
NPS National Register states that Honouliuli is distinctive as the only Hawaiian site remaining that was built exclusively as a World War II confinement camp. However Camp Iroquois also is in that category and the site remains largely undisturbed since 1946.
Most of the Honouliuli Camp POW were non combatant Korean laborers with others from Okinawa and Formosa, all pressed into Imperial Japanese worker units. Most Japanese POW were sent on to mainland camps or recruited into special projects like Camp Iroquois.
For Japanese POW Honouliuli Internment Camp later became known as
POW Compound Number 6
From the NPS Honouliuli National Register nomination...
The
prisoner of war population at Honouliuli may have been even more fluid,
given the policy to transfer POWs to mainland POW camps to remove them
from potential combat zones. “most prisoners captured in Admiral Nimitz’s Pacific area of command “were
funneled through Hawaii to permanent camps in the continental U.S.
However, several hundred remained in Hawaii throughout the war.”
According
to historic context studies for POW camps usually five officers were
assigned including the camp commander, three camp officers, one supply
and mess officer, one POW company commander, and one medical officer (if
available). For a camp holding 500 POWs, the number increased to a
total of 300 officers and men. If this ratio held at Honouliuli, one
would expect over 1,000 guards and administrators for a camp of 3,000
POWs. Based on the number of barracks in the staff housing area, however, there were probably no more than 300 officers and guards.
Author
Gwenfread Allen * provides a figure of 16,943 total prisoners of war
and internees in Hawaii. Like Straus, she also notes that of the combat
troops who landed in Hawaii, most were sent on to mainland POW camps.
She lists 4,841 Italian prisoners, 2,643 Koreans, 320 Japanese, 23
Formosans, 7 Indochinese, and 3 Chinese in Hawaiian POW camps at the end
of the war. The remaining group comprised predominantly German
Americans, though there were also Americans and aliens of Italian,
Irish, Russian, and Scandinavian descent. Honouliuli also held women and children who were Japanese civilians displaced from the Pacific.
Japanese POW's of civilian, army and navy units await shipment
from Guam to Hawaii.
from Guam to Hawaii.
Allen
lists no Okinawans in the counts, but points out that they were
routinely counted as Japanese, even though neither they nor the Japanese
considered them so. Straus notes that the last Japanese POWs to arrive
in Hawaii were from the battle of Iwo Jima. A select few of these went
to Iroquois Point (mentioned only once in the nomination), while others
may have been sent to Honouliuli.
Hawaii's
largest and longest operating internment camp, opened in 1943 and
closed in 1946. The site was designated Honouliuli National Monument by
Presidential Proclamation on February 19, 2015 by President Barack
Obama.
Somewhat ironically, The Honouliuli prisoner of war compounds were guarded by an African American infantry unit as well as units of Japanese Americans from the mainland.
Archival
and archaeological evidence indicates that Honouliuli was expanded at
some point in its occupation, and historic photographs show a sea of the
pyramidal tents that housed POWs. It is possible that many or most of
the 5,400 Japanese POWs who were held in captivity on the mainland
passed through Honouliuli either en route either to the continental
United States or back home to Japan, Okinawa, and Korea.
In
June 1944, the Japanese American women’s compound at Honouliuli was
needed for Japanese POWs, and so the few women left were paroled. After
martial law was lifted in Hawaii on October 24, 1944, there was no
longer any legal authority to hold local citizens.
The primary
difference between the Japanese American experience on the mainland and
Hawaii is that the internment in Hawaii targeted a relatively small
percentage of the ethnic Japanese population on the islands. Less than
one percent of Hawaii's ethnic Japanese population was interned in
Hawaii.
Honouliuli saw many non-combatant Korean survivors of Pacific island battles
Honouliuli
was the final prison camp destination for some POWs: Hawaii researcher
Yong-ho Ch’oe has documented the presence of 2,700 Korean POWs at
Honouliuli. Many, perhaps most, of the Korean POWs were non-combatant
laborers, unarmed and untrained but forced into the service of the
Japanese Imperial Army. A Korean-language newsletter, the Free Press for Liberated Korea
was written and mimeographed by three Korean soldiers of the Japanese
Imperial Army interned in the camp; it continued publication until
December 1945 when they were repatriated back to Korea. One of the men,
Pak Sundong, became the inspiration for a famous character in one of
Korea’s greatest novels, “Thus, one of the Korean POWs in the Honouliuli camp emerged as a major figure in modern Korean literature."
The
Gilbert Islands operation exacted an extraordinarily high rate of
casualties among the Korean laborers in the service of Japanese imperial
ambitions—more than half on Makin and nearly nine out of ten on Tarawa.
Of the Koreans initially brought to Honouliuli Camp were wounded and
required medical attention, often hospitalization. Most of their wounds
had been inflicted by Japanese troops through beating, sword and knife
slashing, and other abuses. Some had bullet wounds from the battle
as the Americans tried to take control of the island. This suggests
blatant abuses by the Imperial Japanese military against Korean
noncombatant laborers.
As
is well known, Saipan was the scene of one of the most ferocious fights
as the Japanese fought to the very last man rather than surrendering.
In the end, almost the entire Japanese garrison on the island—at least
30,000—perished along with about 22,000 Japanese civilian deaths. It is
believed that a significant number of the 22,000 civilian deaths were
Korean noncombatants (precise numbers are not available). Many
civilians were forcibly driven to death by the Japanese, some jumping
from “Suicide Cliff” and “Banzai Cliff.” Apparently only 300 to 400
Koreans survived on Saipan and were brought to the Honouliuli camp.
It is likely that Korean laborers from various other Pacific islands, such as Guam, Tinian, Palau, and Peleliu were also brought to the Honouliuli camp as POWs, having experienced similar ordeals.
It is likely that Korean laborers from various other Pacific islands, such as Guam, Tinian, Palau, and Peleliu were also brought to the Honouliuli camp as POWs, having experienced similar ordeals.
While
in the camp, all Korean POWs received a monthly allowance of three
dollars. If one performed extra work such as laundry, carpentry, etc.,
he was paid 80 cent a day more. The POWs were also allowed small lots
where they could grow vegetables and flowers. Apparently, they did no
work on behalf of the war effort. Since the prisoners were free to use
or save their money as they wished, many volunteered to work, according
to one former Korean POW.
Honouliuli Camp was run by the Army while Camp Iroquois was run by the Navy
Run
by the U.S. Army, the camp's supervisor was Captain Siegfried Spillner.
The camp was constructed on 160 acres (0.65 km2) of land near Ewa and
Waipahu on the island of Oahu.
About 1916 the Waiahole Water Company completed a system of tunnels, ditches, and pipes to bring
water from the windward side of Oahu to the drier leeward side for
sugar cane irrigation. Water from the Waiahole ditch was used by the
Oahu Sugar Company until the company closed, in 1994. The aqueduct and
the siphon visible in historic photographs of the Honouliuli Internment
Camp were part of the Waiahole water system.
Commanding Officer Lt. Springer’s 1943 description of the camp provides details that help in interpretation of photographs:
The
kitchen and mess hall for Japanese internees is equipped to feed up to
one thousand internees. The internees live in prefabricated
“sixteen-man” demountable barracks. All latrines have modern plumbing
with hot and cold showers. A post exchange is available for the purchase
of cigarettes, tobacco, and miscellaneous items for sale. There is also
a tailor shop, an equipped dental office, and a dispensary for
necessary medical treatment. A recreation field has been cleared and
fenced in for the use of the internees.
The prisoner of war section of the Camp has been divided into separate enclosures to take care of Japanese officers, enlisted men, and noncombatant Japanese prisoners of war. As a result of the Gilbert Island operation and the capture of Korean noncombatant prisoners of war, it has been found necessary to construct an additional enclosure to separate the Japanese from the Koreans. There are two large prisoner of war kitchens and mess halls, each with facilities to feed one thousand or more prisoners.
In the prisoner of war section there are cold water showers and pit latrines. Prisoners of war live in pyramidal tents, usually six to eight men in a tent. All internees and prisoners of war are issued mattresses, pillows, blankets, mattress covers, and mosquito bars. ... [Internees] cultivated vegetable gardens, and grew string beans, corn, tomatoes, lettuce, carrots, beets, cabbage, radishes, eggplant, and watermelon.
The internee compound was originally divided into four separate areas, the report said.
West
of a stream was the Japanese-American men's compound. East of the
stream were the Japanese-American women and German-Americans. A mess
hall served all three groups.
Some photographs showed the
Japanese-American men's area and the German-Americans' with the same
type of barracks, and both areas with neatly planted shrubs and trees.
Internee barracks were wooden buildings on post- and-pier foundations.
"Boredom was oppressive, and many worked on gardening, landscaping or crafts to pass the time," the report said.
The Honouliuli Japanese Prisoner of War compound was located on the
east side of the stream at the far north end of the camp.
Honouliuli Camp overview photographs were taken by R. H. Lodge, a former division overseer of the Oahu Sugar Company who became an official Army photographer. His book, Waipahu at War, (1947) documents wartime activities that occurred on the Oahu Sugar Company land, and includes five photographs of the camp in operation.
The
camp reportedly held about 3,000 prisoners, so if they were evenly
divided, there would have been 500 prisoners per compound. Compound V
was where civilian internees were held, so Compounds I through IV and
VII would have housed Japanese officers, enlisted men, and
noncombatants, and Korean noncombatant prisoners of war, each group
separated from each other. Compound VI is identified as “Existing Guard
Camp Area,” and VIII as “Proposed Sewage Treatment Plant.”
The
Honouliuli site is still surrounded by agricultural fields, as it was
during World War II. Modern developments take up only a small portion of
the gulch. The Board of Water Supply, City and County of Honolulu, has
three areas developed and fenced for wells and a treatment plant. The
treatment plant is located where a large building is shown in historic
photographs. The south end of the original entrance road has been
replaced with a paved access road entering the gulch from the ridge to
the east. Large satellite dishes for KITV-TV have been installed on the
slope, adjacent to the new access road.
Although
a 2014 Honouliuli Gulch and Associated Sites draft study prepared by
the park service said the then-proposed national monument or historic
site would be about 440 acres, the park service — which will manage the
monument — recently refined that number to 155 acres.
The draft
study said management of Honouliuli "would be through World War II Valor
in the Pacific National Monument at Pearl Harbor, given its close
proximity and related history." The NPS plan now is to have the
monument managed initially through the NPS Pacific West Region office in
San Francisco.
* Allen, Gwenfread 1950 Hawaii War Years 1941-1945. Pacific Monograph
Korean Prisoners-of-War in Hawaii During World War II
http://apjjf.org/-Yong-ho-Ch'oe/3266/article.html
Why
were some Japanese Americans interned? Possibly because some had been
involved in activities promoting Japanese war bond drives and
enlistments in the Japanese military as well as books and movies
glorifying the Imperial Japanese military conquest of China - an ally of
the United States. Read:
John J. Stephan: Hawaii Under The
Rising Sun
Japan's Plans for Conquest After
Pearl Harbor
In this text, John J. Stephan
shatters several historical illusions that have almost come to be accepted as
facts, highlighting the ambiguous nature of history.
On December 7th, 1941, Pearl Harbor,
Hawaii was the subject of the largest attack on the United States in modern
history. Some IJN Generals advised that Yamamoto also land an invasion force on
the island, what if the Emperor listened? What if on December 11th, all
carriers and battleships were in port was when Yamamoto struck? What if the Red
Sun replaced the US flag on Hawaiian buildings?
Japanese nationalists, writers and
military planners had dreamed of "liberating" Hawaii for decades. If
the Imperial Navy had won the Battle of Midway, Hawaii would likely have been
invaded. While the USA would certainly have been able to free the island, it
would have been at a great cost - likely reducing Honolulu to rubble and
turning the island paradise into another Iwo Jima or Okinawa as the Japanese
fought to the last man.
The island of Hawaii would be taken
first and used to construct airfields to attack the other islands (much as the
US planned to take over part of Kyushu and build airfields to attack other
parts of Japan in Operation Olympic.) Carrier task forces and subs would attack
shipping, take over the Panama canal, seize California oilfields, and also
attack South America.
"This lively, provocative study
challenges the widely held belief that the Japanese did not intend to invade
the Hawaiian Islands." --Choice "A disquieting book, which shatters
several historical illusions that have almost come to be accepted as facts. It
will remind historians how complex and ambiguous history really is."
--American Historical Review
See further below: Excerpts from the National Park Service nomination of Honouliuli Camp
Japanese
Prisoners of War in America (and Hawaii)
Arnold Krammer, professor of history in Texas A & M University.
FEW AMERICANS today recall that the
nation maintained 425,000 enemy during the Second World War in prisoner-of-war
camps from New York to California. The
majority of these captives were Germans, followed by Italians and
Japanese. The incarceration of the 5,424 Japanese soldiers and sailors in the
United States included Honouliuli (and Camp Iroquois) in Hawaii.
Most captured involuntarily during
the bloody battles of the South Pacific, tested the formidable ingenuity of the
War Department. The very first prisoner of war captured by American forces was
Japanese. Ensign Kazuo Sakamaki, the commander of a Japanese midget submarine
which had participated in the attack on Pearl Harbor, abandoned his damaged
craft and swam for shore. As he crawled up onto Waimanalo Beach on Oahu, he was
captured by one of the nervous military patrols positioned to repel a feared
full-scale invasion.
Whenever possible, the permanent
camps were located at or near existing military bases. Each camp averaged 2,500
prisoners, and adhered generally to the requirements of the Geneva Convention
that the layout and food, sanitary, and health services be identical with that
provided to American armed forces.
The average Japanese soldier was
molded to prefer death to surrender. Moreover, the official Japanese Military
Field Code commanded each Japanese soldier to remember that "rather than
live and bear the shame of imprisonment by the enemy, he should die and avoid
leaving a dishonorable name!" Capture by the enemy, even if wounded or
unconscious and unable to move, was equated with irrevocable shame. Japanese
soldiers were directed to save the last round of ammunition for themselves or
to charge the enemy in a suicidal assault.
The Japanese prisoners who arrived
in the U. S. were either brought in for special interrogation or because they
were closer to the United States when captured than to the holding pens in
Australia or New Zealand.
Then, finally, came their first
meals in America, and the prisoners were astonished at the quality and quantity
of their food. Indeed, they found themselves better fed in captivity than in
their own army.
For the few days until their
shipment to an interrogation center, the Japanese spent their time
listening to the camp gramophone, playing cards and Mah-Jong, and whispering
among them selves as they strove to understand the ulterior motives of
their captors.
Since the main reason for the
prisoners' shipment to the United States was for interrogation purposes, the
confidence of the incoming POWs had to be won over. The task appeared
formidable: the prisoners feared and despised their captors, both militarily
and culturally no less, in fact, than they were themselves hated in return.
Moreover, the captives loathed themselves for their failure to die in combat.
Yet army intelligence quickly detected an encouraging pattern among these
seemingly overwhelming obstacles.
The
POWs' psychological makeup
evolved into distinct phases. Immediately upon capture, and up to
forty-eight
hours after wards, the Japanese prisoners were of little value to the
American interrogators. They were certain that they would be tortured
and killed, and
were either unresponsive or the information they offered was confused
and
unreliable. After several days, the army found that a second phase set
in, as
the prisoners realized that they were not to be tortured or in any way
mistreated.
This was the moment that the intelligence officers awaited; the
prisoners' fear was changing to gratitude and they were anxious to reciprocate
by talking freely.
The interrogation of the Japanese prisoners taught intelligence officers several additional
curious lessons. For example, no threat of physical violence or solitary confinement
succeeded in extracting information from a prisoner as effectively as the
simple threat of forwarding his name to his relatives in Japan.
Another lesson
was the captives' realization that they knew no rules of life which applied in
this situation. They were dishonored and their life as Japanese had ended. When
their earnest requests to be allowed to kill themselves were denied, many
discarded their traditional views and became model prisoners.
Each camp was required by the Geneva
Convention to maintain a canteen where, during certain hours, the prisoners
could purchase toothpaste, shoe polish, handkerchiefs, candy, crackers,
cigarettes, soft drinks, and locally grown produce at the prevailing market
price. In some camps even beer and light wines were permitted at the prisoner's
own expense.
Each enlisted POW received eighty
cents a day to spend at the camp canteen. A trifling sum by today's standards,
perhaps, but during the war years it would buy eight packs of cigarettes or
eight bottles of beer. Officers were paid a graduated salary based on
rank-lieutenants, $15 per month;
captains, $25.
The Japanese prisoners, no less than
the Germans, Italians, and Koreans, received from the YMCA such items as their
stationery, musical instruments, library books, sports equipment, phonograph
records, hobby materials, handicraft tools, and religious items of all sorts.
The capture of the Koreans gave them
an opportunity to assert their national independence. Visiting State
Department, Red Cross, and YMCA officials were always pleasantly surprised to
learn that the Koreans generally requested nothing more than Christian Bibles
and cloth to make Korean flags- requests that the authorities were understandably
happy to grant.
There were major divisions and
animosities within the Japanese prisoner community itself.
The most persistent
and difficult problem was the rivalry between army and navy personnel. While such
rivalries are common to all armed services, they were especially prevalent
among captured survivors of a society based on the veneration of the warrior,
and exacerbated by the need to blame someone for their nation's military
defeats.
Naval prisoners far outnumbered those from the army, and each incoming
group of Japanese sailors from the battles of Midway or the Coral Sea increased
the preponderance of naval prisoners over their increasingly hostile army
colleagues.
Augmenting these pursuits was a
heavy dose of American music, newspapers, movies and cartoons, and such
recreational activities as softball, table tennis, and
baseball. The prisoners were also encouraged to attend Sunday religious services in an effort
"to replace their traditional Emperor-worship with a more positive
philosophy, and to show them the close relationship between democracy and
Christian principles."
No sooner was the war over than
Washington began repatriating Japanese POWs as promptly as shipping permitted. Nearly all were back in Japan by the end of 1946.
POW Japanese laborers hear the voice of the Emperor of Japan accepting surrender terms.
Japanese POW recovered from the sinking of the Imperial Japanese Navy aircraft carrier Hiryu which had been in the fleet that attacked Pearl Harbor
Among those attending was Admiral Nimitz, keenly interested in intelligence about Japanese navy ships and operations.
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Hawaii’s Top Secret Japanese Prisoner of War Camp –
Camp Iroquois, Ewa Beach
http://ewabattlefield.blogspot.com/2016/02/hawaiis-top-secret-japanese-prisoner-camp.html*************************************************
Nisei Military Intelligence Service And The Pacific OWI - JICPOA Psychological Warfare Campaign
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